Roles of Ngos to Development

Analyze THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NGO’s TO DEVELOPMENT NGO is an abbreviation which represents â€Å"non-administrative association. The UN characterizes a NGO as a sort of private association that is autonomous from government control and is non-benefit, non-criminal and essentially a resistance. As indicated by educator Peter Willets, from the college of London , contends the meaning of NGO as an autonomous deliberate relationship of individuals acting together on a consistent reason for some normal reason other than accomplishing government office, bringing in cash or unlawful activities.The most regular characterization of NGOs is by direction and level of activity. Direction alludes to the sort of exercises it takes on, these may incorporate human rights, natural insurance or advancement works. Level of activity alludes to whether it is network based, citywide, national or universal. The commitments to NGO’s are: Education, this assumes a significant job being develope d since without it improvement can't occur. Instruction can be formal or non-formal.They give educating and learning materials to certain schools in the denied territories in Ghana, improved access to training for grown-ups and kid rights in quality instruction. A model is GIGDEV a NGO situated in the north which targets helping immature young ladies via preparing them in batik tie and color, hairdressing and sewing to keep them from heading off toward the south to look for nonexistent employments. 150 middle schools in 13 chose regions from the Brong Ahafo, Central district, Eastern locale and Greater Accra area to profit by an undertaking planned for improving the nature of instruction in the country.Which is been actualized by Plan Ghana. Horticulture, this is finished by giving gear to the ranchers in denied territories to assist them with showing signs of improvement yields. Likewise they are shown new cultivating methods that can improve the nature of yields, exhorted on harve sts to develop. They assist ranchers with pushing strategies that advance market get to, command over gainful assets by little scope ranchers and maintainable agric notwithstanding environmental change. Instances of such NGO’s are SNV and SARI. Likewise in the monetary part NGOs help ease neediness. Since 2009 Technoserve has upheld 4209 ladies in the northern, Upper East and Upper west.They have been financially minimized. 12 ladies bunches were upheld to make sure about Shea preparing focuses. This implies these individuals are helped to begin little scope organizations to procure capital which will thusly improve their standard of life. This helps the individuals massively on the grounds that they presently increase funding to improve their way of life. SNV is executing multi year undertaking to help smallholder ranchers in three African nations, Ghana included to gracefully their national school taking care of program. it is been financed by the Bill and Melinda Gates est ablishment with an award of 7. million dollars. Science and innovation is additionally a region NGOs tackle by giving the correct materials to science programs which help forthcoming understudies with distinct fascination for science to build up their possibilities. A portion of these NGO come out with research discoveries which help being developed of certain parts. A portion of the NGOs SARI, UNESCO. In the territory of social insurance, this is finished by giving wellbeing habitats, giving consumable water. Furnishing the denied with nutritious food to eat. A few NGOs like USAID give cooking oil and rice to a portion of the denied areas.They additionally help them with the guinea worm destruction in the northern parts by giving them mouth channels which can be utilized to drink water from some water bodies. A few models are water Aid, Oxfam and WHO Some NGO give alleviation things in instances of contentions and catastrophic events like floods which is conspicuous during the blus tery season in Ghana. This alleviation things like packs of rice, sugar, corn, sleeping pads, dress, building materials are given to the influenced individuals in these regions. A model is ADRA. Likewise, others assume a job in the privileges of individuals be it the slow-witted or not.Basic needs Basic rights conviction emotional well-being is certifiably not a privilege or a benefit . They help individuals with psychological instability and epilepsy. At the point when they recoup their wellbeing they learn new aptitudes or return to their work. Actionaid advance women’s rights, the association dealt with women’s interest in initiative and dynamic, savagery against ladies and young ladies. To finish up, the commitments of NGOs to advancement can't be over stressed since it manages significant parts of improvement like instruction, agribusiness, monetary, social insurance, arrangement of help things and human rights

Nutrition in Nursing for Anthropometric Measurements-myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theNutrition in Nursing Care for Anthropometric Measurements. Answer: The current paper will talk about ideal wholesome for nursing practice with the end goal of incorporating healthful intercessions and approach into ordinary nursing care. The dietary consideration and mediations will be examined concerning a contextual analysis of a patient who is inclined to diabetes type II and has interventional nourishing necessities. The anthropometric estimations utilized will be talked about with suggested weight reduction targets, nourishing and physical action proposals and the medical attendant drove job in conduct change and dietary advancement. Anthropometric estimations Those utilized for the situation study included tallness, weight, abdomen outline and their subordinates Body mass file (BMI), midriff to stature proportion (WHR), and midsection to weight proportion (WWR) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). These estimations are utilized to portray the body organization and attempt to separate people as indicated by the files determined (Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan et al, 2008). Thomass estimations were a stature of 175 cm, weight of 105 kg and midriff periphery of 112 cm. The midriff circuit is predominantly an impression of subcutaneous fat stockpiling around the midsection. The scale puts Thomas at considerably expanded hazard (102 cm or more). The midsection outline ought to be utilized related to the BMI for absolute corpulence estimation and midriff to tallness proportion for focal stoutness (Ashwell Gibson, 2016). WHR is inferred by the division of abdomen periphery in centimeters by tallness in centimeters. Thomas has a WHR of 0.64. A sweeping cut off of 0.5 is utilized to mean expanded danger of heftiness related conditions (Ashwell Gibson, 2016). As indicated by this, Thomas has an expanded hazard. The BMI is an estimation gotten from weight and tallness and is an extraordinary apparatus used to separate the individuals who are stout and at an expanded danger of cardiovascular sickness and diabetes (Pasco et al, 2014). It is determined by taking body weight in kilograms isolated by tallness in meters squared (Nuttall, 2015). From this condition, Thomass BMI is 83.71. The BMI files were ordered by the world wellbeing association into classes of underweight, ordinary, overweight and corpulent. Underweight if under 18.5, typical from 18.5-24.9, overweight from 25 to 29.9 and stout if 30 or more noteworthy (Lim et al, 2017). As per these layers, Thomas is unmistakably large. Further WHO arrangement for corpulence put her at class 3 stoutness, the most elevated class for those with BMI of at least 40. Weight reduction is attainable and valuable for Thomas who is class 3 large. Weight reduction objectives should be set and individualized for him. Accomplishment of an attractive BMI might be a ridiculous objective in the present moment yet a gradual weight reduction of 5% is as yet valuable (Queensland Health, 2015). For objective setting and weight reduction intend to be viable wellbeing training is a significant essential. The patient ought to be told the advantages of weight reduction and way of life adjustments. Thomas is in danger of type diabetes type two and cardiovascular occasions by virtue of his corpulence and furthermore from his family ancestry where his dad kicked the bucket of a coronary episode and mother from a stroke. Sustenance and physical action proposals Wholesome suggestions are equipped to alter the hazard for improvement of diabetes and cardiovascular dangers, lessen weight and supplement other way of life alterations. As indicated by Queensland wellbeing (2015), dietary prerequisites should meet the vitality necessities of the patient, incorporate all the five significant supplement gatherings, be reachable and observed. Thomas eats an undesirable eating regimen that comprises of immersed fats like pan fried diminish sims, chips, pork slashes, Chico rolls, and meat pies, non-diet sodas, and nourishments with included sugars model soda pops. His eating regimen likewise needs significant parts including foods grown from the ground. His day by day liquor propensity is likewise unfavorable to his wellbeing. The main suggestion is diet change to an increasingly adjusted nutritious eating routine and lessening vitality consumption (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). His morning meal which had white bread, nectar, jam and espresso with milk ought to be changed to low-fat earthy colored bread, utilization of sugars rather than sugar and nectar and the expansion of an organic product or a characteristic juice. His lunch should contain less southern style quick nourishments and incorporate more oats, vegetables, and water. On the off chance that this isn't accessible at his working environment, conveying stuffed lunch from home is a practical choice. Supper ought to incorporate lean meats and poultry or fish with vegetables rather than pork hacks. Decreased fat milk ought to be utilized for tea and espresso. Drinking a great deal of water with dinners is suggested. Other eating suggestions remember mandates for parcel size and serve sizes. Enormous parts and serves likewise lead to weight addition and overnutrition. As per Queensland wellbeing (2015), a grown-up of Thomass age need the accompanying serves every day; six of vegetables, two of organic products, six of grains and oats, three of lean meats, poultry and fish, over two of milk and dairy items, and four of polyunsaturated fats and spreads. Low-fat eating regimens have been appeared to diminish weight gain impressively (Makris Foster, 2011). Since he is class 3 hefty, fast weight reduction is attractive and a low vitality diet is suggested (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). Utilization of adjunctive methods of weight reduction is likewise suggested, for example, weight reduction medicine (Jin, 2015). Another suggestion is lessening or halting liquor utilization (Traversy Chaput, 2015). In the case of ready to stop, referral to an inside for liquor compulsion and restoration ought to be endeavored. In the case of reluctant to stop, the liquor substance ought to be diminished to inside two units for each day (Traversy Chaput, 2015). Physical movement legitimately targets weight reduction and counteraction of weight gain by expanding vitality utilization. Physical action proposals ought to include his occupation, recreation, and transport (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). Thomas level of movement is portrayed as stationary and conveys an enormous danger of both weight and cardiovascular hazard (Barnes, 2012). The every day exercises that fit him in this class incorporate his occupation where he sits throughout the day, heading to work day by day and sitting in front of the TV after work. The Australian proposals are to build the degree of force of physical action to direct to lively as they are the ones that convey wellbeing improving advantages (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). It recommends that he ought to do about 150mins of enthusiastic movement or 300 minutes of moderate power action or joining the two models along with dietary changes (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). Thomas could apply this by first strolling to work which is attainable at two kilometers away. If not attainable bicycle riding to work is a prepared other option. He could take up relaxation exercises that are not inactive and convey a superior physical action power, for instance, swimming or join a rec center or sports group. In the event that these demonstrate too costly routine running is a less expensive choice. Medical attendant drove job - advancing self-administration Conduct change in weight the executives is essential if any system is to work. The medical caretakers job is to advance and initiate the procedure of conduct change. The underlying methodology is apply a few procedures that help conduct change. They incorporate defining objectives both long haul and present moment, empowering self-observing, for instance, a food journal or an exercise plan, control of triggers of undesirable conduct and psychological conduct treatment (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). The primary methodology could be to individualized treatment or gathering treatment with people that share Thomass condition. Mental treatments by the medical attendant could be applied and have been appeared to upgrade conduct change. They incorporate intellectual conduct treatment and social treatment (Teufel, Becker, Rieber, Stephan, Zipfel, 2011). This can be enhanced by different methodologies to increase conduct change. They incorporate motivations for weight reduction and utilization of innovation for instance programs that set objectives, updates and offer data on the equivalent (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). Taking everything into account, the anthropometric estimations utilized included weight, tallness, abdomen outline (WC) and their subsidiaries BMI and midsection to stature proportion (WHR). Utilization of numerous measures lessens the deficiencies of only one to anticipate the danger of stoutness related conditions. The objectives of weight reduction don't need to include quick weight reduction to accomplish a typical BMI since that can be inconceivable. Indeed, even a 5% weight reduction is valuable. Wholesome suggestions target decreasing vitality admission and physical movement proposals target expanding vitality consumption. The essential consideration medical caretaker should cultivate conduct change to continue these way of life alterations with psychotherapy and backing in helping patients set objectives and screen their advancement. References Ashwell, M., Gibson, S. (2016). Abdomen to-stature proportion as a marker of early wellbeing hazard: less complex and more prescient than utilizing a network dependent on BMI and midriff circuit. BMJ Open, 6(3). Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: Users' Guide, 2012-13. Sydney, Australia: ABS Barnes, A. S. (2012). Stoutness and Sedentary Lifestyles: Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 39(2), 224-227. Jin, J. (2015). Meds for weight reduction: Indications and use. JAMA, 313(21), 2196-2196. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.5575 Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S., Hoy, W. E., Wang, Z., Briganti, E., Polkinghorne, K., Chadban, S., Shaw, J. (2008). Anthropometric estimations of Australian Aboriginal grown-ups living in remote territories: correlation with broadly agent discoveries.

The ADHD Brain vs. the Non-ADHD Brain

The ADHD Brain vs. the Non-ADHD Brain ADHD Print The ADHD vs. Non-ADHD Brain By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 17, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 24, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children MoMo Productions / DigitalVision / Getty Images Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. This means there are deficits in the ADHD brain that affect a child’s development. ADHD does not influence intelligence. It does, however, affect a persons ability to regulate attention and emotions, and it results in hyperactivity and impulsivity as well as organization problems.?? Differences in the ADHD Brain ADHD is a condition that comes under a lot of scrutiny. Naysayers question if it is real or say it is caused by lack of motivation, willpower, or bad parentingâ€"none of which is true. However, if you or your child has ADHD, you can feel vulnerable to these comments.?? Knowing that there are biological differences in the ADHD brainâ€"compared to the brain of a person who does not have ADHDâ€"feels validating.  The difference can be divided into three areas: structure, function, and chemistry. The Structure of the Brain For many years, research showed there were clear structural differences in the ADHD brain.  The largest review ever of ADHD patient brain scans was carried out at Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and published in 2018. Researchers reported that people with ADHD had smaller brain volume in five subcortical areas, and their total brain size was smaller, too. These differences were greater in children and less in adults.?? Parts of the ADHD brain mature at a slower pace (approximately one to three years) and never reach the maturity of a person who does not have ADHD. Another  interesting finding was that the amygdala and hippocampus are smaller in the brains of people with ADHD. These areas are responsible for emotional processing and  impulsivity and had previously not been definitively connected to ADHD.?? The Function of the Brain There are several types of brain imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that allow researchers to study how the ADHD brain operates and functions. There are alterations in blood flow to various areas  of the brains in people with ADHD compared to people who do not have ADHD. Including decreased blood flow to certain prefrontal areas.??  Decreased blood flow indicates decreased brain activity. The prefrontal area of the brain houses the executive functions and they are responsible for many tasks including planning, organizing, paying attention, remembering, and emotional reactions. One study published in 2010 found that children with ADHD do not have the same connections between the frontal cortex of the brain and visual processing area. This means that the ADHD brain processes information differently than a  non-ADHD brain. Brain Chemistry The brain is a busy communication network where messages are relayed from one neuron (brain cell) to the next. There is a gap between neurons, which is called a synapse. In order for the message to be passed along, the synapse needs to be filled with a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, and each one is responsible for different functions. The key neurotransmitters for ADHD are dopamine and noradrenaline.  In the ADHD brain, there is dysregulation of the  dopamine system.?? For example, there is  either too little dopamine, not enough receptors for it, or the dopamine is not being used efficiently. Stimulant medications help ADHD because they encourage more dopamine to be produced or keep dopamine in the synapses longer. Why Isnt ADHD Diagnosed With a Brain Scan? There is no objective test to diagnose ADHD. Instead, a detailed evaluation is carried out by a clinician. It includes an in-depth interview with the patient, a review of school reports and medical history, and possibly tests to measure attention, distractibility, and memory. With that information, the clinician can determine if the diagnostic guideline for ADHD set by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is met.?? A common question is If there are such clear differences in the ADHD brain, why isn’t ADHD diagnosed with scans?” As Dr. Thomas E. Brown explains in his book A New Understanding of ADHD in Children and Adults: Executive Function Impairments, tests such as PET and fMRI scans give an insight into how the brain is functioning at the moment the test was performed. Like a photo, they capture one moment in time. However, they do not take into account how the brain operates in different situations, in the way a clinical test can during a detailed interview.?? In addition,  the scan data that has been studied is generally based on group averages, and may not apply to any particular individual. The  results have not been normed, which is when large quantities of data are gathered and compared so that the criteria for an ADHD diagnosis using scans could be more reliably made.

Presentation College Admissions ACT Scores, Costs...

Presentation College has an acceptance rate of 99%, but the admissions bar isnt overly high so the school will be easily accessible to those applying with high grades and strong standardized test scores. An application can be filled out online on the schools website. As part of the application, students will also need to submit scores from the SAT or ACT, and official high school transcripts. If you have any questions about the admissions process, be sure to get in touch with a counselor in the admissions office. Also, check out Presentations website for more information about applying, including complete guidelines/instructions, and important dates and deadlines. Admissions Data (2016) Percent of Applicants Admitted: 99%Test Scores -- 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 400 / 493SAT Math: 420 / 530SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 18 / 22ACT English: 16  / 21ACT Math: 17 / 23What these ACT numbers mean Presentation College  Description Presentation College, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, was founded in 1951. It was founded by the Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and retains its Catholic traditions today. The school focuses on medical and science-based programs, with over 15 Bachelor programs to choose from, and many more at the Associates Degree level.  Popular choices include Nursing, Biology, Social Work, and Business Management. Academics are supported by a healthy 10 to 1 student/faculty ratio.  Outside of the classroom, students can participate in a number of student-run groups and activities. These range from the academic to the social and artistic, including musical groups, faith-based meetings and projects, and student government. On the athletic front, the Presentation College Saints compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA); popular sports include basketball, football, soccer, volleyball, and golf.   Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 821  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 36% Male / 64% Female65% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17) Tuition and Fees: $19,090Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,690Other Expenses: $2,700Total Cost: $31,680 Presentation College  Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 81%Average Amount of AidGrants: $10,732Loans: $8,310 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Nursing, Business, Social Work, Radiologic Technology, Biology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 59%4-Year Graduation Rate: 37%6-Year Graduation Rate: 44% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Soccer, Golf, Basketball, BaseballWomens Sports:  Volleyball, Soccer, Softball, Golf, Basketball You May Also Like These Schools Augustana CollegeUniversity of South DakotaGrand View UniversityNorthern State UniversityCreighton UniversityWayne State CollegeSouth Dakota School of MinesUniversity of WyomingBellevue University Presentation College  Mission Statement Welcoming people of all faiths, Presentation College challenges learners toward academic excellence and, in the Catholic tradition, the development of the whole person.

Social Class Is Not As Important As It Once - 1042 Words

It could be argued that social class is not as important as it once was. Social class is a distribution of a civilisation on the basis of the economy or social status (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015). Evidence supporting this idea can be found when examining traditional cultural aspects like stratifications. Stratification refers to an organisation by which a society ranks people into a hierarchy. Major forms of stratification include; Slavery, Caste and Estates. In today s society most of the extreme cases of stratification have been abolished as they have became less superior to civilisation. (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015) However, many sociologists comment on how social class is still present but more hidden. Durkheim and Marx debate†¦show more content†¦The working class are the most exploited class as they act to serve capitalism. They also have the worse stereotypes because of shows such as the Jeremy Kyle show which produces usually an exaggerated representation of the working class with people who are poorly socialised without basic manners or living concepts. The Functionalist model outlines that social inequality is necessary in our modern society as long as recruitment is based on merit and rewards are distributed fairly. (Marsh, 2013) This indicates that people who work harder will get better opportunities in their life. Durkheim is a key Functionalist who states how society has changed since the 1900s and how traditional society has been replaced with modern society which is more focused on the division of labour (Study.com, 2015). The division of labour promotes differences and weakens social cohesion. Social cohesion refers to the willingness of members of a community to cooperate in order to survive. This means that even though the proletariat is the majority, people will not stand up to the bourgeoisie. Davis and Moore state social inequality is an unconsciously evolved device by which societies insure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons which means that people who are more t alented deserve the most important roles

What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning Free Essays

WHAT ARE THE STATISTICS ON COOPERATIVE LEARNING ANYWAY? Cooperative learning has been debated by educators for a long time and continues to be questioned today. Many educators feel that cooperative learning strips students of the benefits of direct instruction. Proponents of homogeneous learning tend to stray from cooperative learning because it seems to deprive gifted students of learning with their gifted peers. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Five studies will be summarized that look at different aspects of cooperative learning: effects with the learning disabled, the advantage of helping behaviors, math achievement, strategic reading in groups, social support, and heterogeneous vs. homogeneous grouping. A study was conducted to find out if students with learning difficulties interacted positively in cooperative learning groups. This study also looked at the importance of training students to work together as opposed to just putting them in groups to complete tasks (Gillies Ashman, 2000). The study looked at 152 third grade students from Australia. Twenty-two of those students had learning difficulties (12 boys and 10 girls). The students were randomly placed in cooperative learning groups of five to six students consisting of one high-ability student, two medium-ability students, and one low-ability student. The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test measured learning ability and grade level readiness. An ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the structured groups (those trained to work cooperatively) and the unstructured groups (those not trained to work together) at the onset of the study. During the study period the structured group received the treatment of cooperative learning training before completing a social studies unit (independent variable). The unstructured group was encouraged to work together as a group and given the same time period to complete the social studies unit, but they never received training for such group work. The students were videotaped twice during the study to observe behaviors and interactions, and they were given comprehension and word reading pre- and posttests. The researchers focused their findings on the students with learning difficulties. There was no significant difference in the behaviors of students in the structured or unstructured groups. However, there were significant findings regarding group interactions. Those students in the structured groups interacted and benefited from interactions significantly more than students in the unstructured groups. Students in the structured group also reached greater achievement on the comprehension posttest than those from the unstructured groups. No significant findings resulted in the word reading posttest between the two groups. The authors did find that this study supported that students with learning difficulties do benefit from working in small, structured cooperative groups (Gillies Ashman, 2000). Nattiv’s study of cooperative learning (1994) focused on four topics: Do helping behaviors found in cooperative groups have a link to achievement gains in third, fourth, and fifth grade math students? Did gender, grade, or ability level within cooperative groups affect achievement? Do all helping behaviors benefit academic achievement? Does gender, grade, or ability level have an effect on the helping behaviors exhibited? Nattiv, 1994)). The subjects included 36 third-grade students, 34 fourth-grade students, and 31 fifth-grade students. Fifty-four of those students were male and the remaining 47 were females. The children were ability grouped from the results of the California Test of Basic Skills and the Southwest Regional Lab (both math assessments). Males and females were separately grouped as high- , medium-, and low-ability. The author states that these pretest results could be seen as achievement rather than ability, but the teachers of the students were consulted about the placement of the students (Nattiv, 1994). All of the students received direct instruction, modeling, and practice of helping behaviors in cooperative group learning. Teachers also received training in this area. The groups, then, participated in grade-level appropriate math units. Students were further encouraged to work cooperatively because individual improvement on assessments also earned team points. Data was collected by audio and video recordings. The research team hypothesized that helping behaviors would be related to achievement. Achievement gain would be used as the dependent variable and would be measured by an ANCOVA test. The team found that there was a significant relationship to students using helping behaviors in cooperative learning groups to academic achievement gain. The only behaviors that did not show significant growth were the giving and receiving of answers without explanation (Nattiv, 1994). Another study conducted in Southeastern United States focused on a different type of cooperative learning called Collaborative Strategic Reading. Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (1998) sought to discover if this program would be effective in a heterogeneous classroom. They further wanted to analyze reading comprehension, social studies content, and student interactions in conjunction with this technique (Klingner, Vaughn, Schumm, 1998). The participants included 141 students. Eighty-five students were split into three classes to represent the treatment group (or intervention condition), and 56 students were split into two classes to represent the control condition. To ensure equal groupings the students were assessed with the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, then paired and randomly assigned to conditions. Both conditions received the same instruction, number of sessions, time periods per session, and homework activities. The intervention condition received instructions on how to use specific reading strategies to read strategically. The strategies were modeled, practiced, used in small groups, and then encouraged when students broke off into their cooperative groups of five to six students. The control condition received direct instruction for the same social studies material and participated in all lessons as a whole group. Sessions within the intervention condition were audiotaped to hear student interactions. The Gates-MacGinitie Standardized Reading test and a social studies unit test served as dependent variables to measure student achievement. The researchers of this study did find these strategies to be successful. The strategies caused the students of the intervention condition to participate more and discuss more academic content. The students also received higher achievement gains in reading comprehension, while also finding success on the social studies testing. LD students and LEP students did not show statistically significant growth, but did show some growth. Not all of the strategies proved to be successful for the intervention condition, but most did serve their purpose (Klingner, et al. , 1998). Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, and Richards (2001) were only interested in the social aspects of cooperative learning. â€Å"The purpose of the present study was to determine whether cooperative learning experiences are related to social support in the classroom,† (Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, Richards, 2001). The researchers used The Classroom Life Instrument to measure their data. It included 59 Likert-type questions rating statements on a five point scale of truthfulness. The measure was taken in November and January of the same school year. The sample included five eighth-grade classes with 45 girls and 46 boys. They were divided by those who reported being in cooperative groups less than half of the time (35 students) and participating half of the time or more (56 students). The hypothesis was that students would feel more social support in classrooms experiencing cooperative learning more often. Between November and January, research found that students did indeed feel more support with more exposure to cooperative learning. Support was felt by teachers and other students. Students felt more comfortable with materials presented and felt less alienated in the classroom. Students felt more responsible for what they were doing and had a better relationship among classmates both academically and personally (Johnson, et al. , 2001). Grouping students heterogeneously is typically a cooperative learning â€Å"must. Watson and Marshall (1995) wanted to test that theory in a study comparing the effectiveness of heterogeneous grouping and homogeneous grouping in cooperative task structures (Watson Marshall, 1995). Thirty-five undergraduate elementary education students in a life science class were chosen to participate in this study. In this 13 week treatment, the independent variable was in the grouping of students. Six of the groups were arranged heterogeneously and six groups wer e arranged homogeneously. All groups were exposed to cooperative task structures, cooperative incentive structures, and individual accountability. Control was measured by the National Association of Biology Teachers/ National Science Teachers Association test (form A) before the treatment began. The dependent variable was taken from the results of the NABT/NSTA (form B) posttest. A five-item, five-point Liken scale was used to measure student response to the cooperative learning experiences. The authors felt that greater achievement would be gained by students heterogeneously placed in cooperative learning groups. They were rejected. Findings indicated no significant difference in test results from the heterogeneous groups to the homogeneous groups. In fact, in measuring the students’ perceptions of their experiences the homogeneous groups rated their experiences higher than those of the heterogeneous groups. The authors concluded that further studies should be done to find out if heterogeneous grouping is the most beneficial in all cooperative learning tasks (Watson Marshall, 1995). I am a strong supporter, and user, of cooperative learning. I feel that students best learn from the modeling of those they can relate to most: their peers. After reviewing these studies I have not only gained a better understanding of what might be needed to strengthen cooperative learning in the education of my students, but I also feel validated in my use of cooperative learning as an effective learning tool. While some of the researchers did reject initial hypotheses, all of them showed value in the practice of cooperative learning. It is important to teach students how to work cooperatively, model good helping behaviors, and help students to receive not only strong academic support but strong social support as well. Finally, heterogeneous grouping may not be best in every experience in the classroom. Different group experiences may be needed to enhance the benefits. References Gillies, R. M. Ashman, A. F. (2000). The effects of cooperative learning on students with learning difficulties in the lower elementary school. Journal of Special Education, 34(1), 19-27. Johnson, D. W. , Johnson, R. T. , Buckman, L. A. , Richards, P. S. (2001). The effect of prolonged implementation of cooperative learning on social support within the classroom. The Journal of Psychology, 119(5), 405-411. Klingner, J. K. , Vaughn, S. , Schumm, J. S. (1998). Collaborative strategic reading during social studies in heterogeneous fourth-grade classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 99(1), 3-22. Nattiv, A. (1994). Helping behaviors and math achievement gain of students using cooperative learning. The Elementary School Journal, 94(3), 285-297. Watson, S. B. Marshall, J. E. (1995). Heterogeneous grouping as an element of cooperative learning in an elementary education science course. School Science Mathematics, 95(8), 401-406. How to cite What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning, Papers

None Provided Essay Paper Example For Students

None Provided Essay Paper In ways to limit the growth population the government of India has come up with a few intentions. India is changing and is one of the two countries with populations over one billion. The government will incorporate actions consisting of â€Å"Money given to those who limit number of children in families†. â€Å"The Children needs and funds with a great amount of responsibility†.â€Å"Benefits on tax given on limiting children.† These actions will expectantly motivate them to systemize the growth population to a steady pace. This benefit of giving money to those will give them motive to limit the number of children in families. This is because they will need to spend the money on food for themselves and give them a better future for having money. They could spend it on more fortunate causes and not on toys. Which they would only used for a few years. The government will be giving money to those who contain less than 3 children per house- hold. The Children’s needs and funds would take up and need full responsibilities. Parents would need to pay for insurance, health care, food, clothing, shelter, and education funds. Which would cost a great deal because prices each year would constantly increase. Most families wouldn’t be able to afford or handle the responsibilities for children. This persuasive idea hopefully will keep in mind the tasks detained for children to help India’s growth population lessen. Benefits on tax would consist of limiting children. This profit could help a lot for family’s income and expenses. Benefits on tax could decrease the amount spending on suppliants and could help their payments. Benefits on tax are great deal on just limiting children. And you can also be helping India’s population growth. Tax could be deducted up to half and could also profit money. In my conclusion, India is limiting population growth by openhanded actions to the society and families on benefits of which they can take advantage of knowing and willing to obtain. Statements include of, â€Å"Money given to those who limit number of children in families†. â€Å"The Children needs and funds†.â€Å"Benefits on tax on limiting children.† Expectantly these motives will eager the nation to lessen the population of India. Bibliography: